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真空滅弧室

發布時間:2016/1/27 9:15:29   新聞來源:admin   瀏覽次數:20114

    真空(kong)滅弧(hu)室,又名真空(kong)開關管(guan),是中高壓(ya)電力開關的(de)核心部(bu)件。其(qi)主要(yao)作用是,通過管(guan)內真空(kong)優良(liang)的(de)絕(jue)緣性(xing)使中高壓(ya)電路(lu)切(qie)斷(duan)電源后能迅速熄弧(hu)并(bing)抑制(zhi)電流,避免事故和(he)意外的(de)發(fa)生,主要(yao)應用于電力的(de)輸配電控制(zhi)系統(tong),還應用于冶(ye)金、礦山、石油、化(hua)工、鐵(tie)路(lu)、廣(guang)播、通訊、工業高頻加熱(re)等配電系統(tong)。具有節能、節材、防火、防爆、體積小、壽(shou)命長、維護費(fei)用低、運行可靠(kao)和(he)無污染等特點。
真空滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)室(shi)從用(yong)(yong)(yong)途上(shang)分(fen)為斷路器用(yong)(yong)(yong)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)室(shi)和(he)負荷開(kai)關用(yong)(yong)(yong)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)室(shi),斷路器滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)室(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于電力部(bu)門中(zhong)的變(bian)電站和(he)電網設施,負荷開(kai)關用(yong)(yong)(yong)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)室(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于電網的終端(duan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶。
 
    真空滅弧室的結構形式主要由氣密絕緣外殼、導電回路、屏蔽系統、波紋管等部分組成。
    1、氣密絕緣系統
由玻(bo)璃(li)或陶瓷制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)密(mi)絕緣外殼、動端(duan)蓋板、定(ding)端(duan)蓋板,不(bu)銹鋼(gang)波紋管組(zu)成(cheng)了氣(qi)密(mi)絕緣系統。為了保證玻(bo)璃(li)、陶瓷與金屬之間有良好的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)密(mi)性,除了封(feng)接時要有嚴格的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)工藝外,還要求材料本身的(de)(de)(de)透氣(qi)性盡量小和內部(bu)(bu)放氣(qi)量限(xian)制(zhi)到極小值。不(bu)銹鋼(gang)波紋管的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用不(bu)僅能將真空滅弧室內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)真空狀(zhuang)態與外部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)大氣(qi)狀(zhuang)態隔(ge)離(li)開(kai)來,而且能使動觸頭連同動導(dao)電(dian)桿在規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內運動,以完成(cheng)真空開(kai)關的(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)合與分斷操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)。
    2 、導電系統
定(ding)(ding)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)、定(ding)(ding)跑(pao)(pao)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)、定(ding)(ding)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)、動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)、動(dong)(dong)跑(pao)(pao)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)、動(dong)(dong)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)構(gou)成(cheng)了滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室(shi)的(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統。其中(zhong)定(ding)(ding)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)、定(ding)(ding)跑(pao)(pao)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)、定(ding)(ding)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)合稱(cheng)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極,動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)、動(dong)(dong)跑(pao)(pao)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)、動(dong)(dong)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)合稱(cheng)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極,由(you)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室(shi)組(zu)裝成(cheng)的(de)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)斷路器(qi),真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)負荷開(kai)(kai)關(guan)和真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)接觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)合閘時(shi),操動(dong)(dong)機構(gou)通過(guo)動(dong)(dong)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)運動(dong)(dong),使兩(liang)(liang)(liang)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)閉合,完成(cheng)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)接通。為了使兩(liang)(liang)(liang)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)間的(de)接觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻盡(jin)可能(neng)減小且保持穩定(ding)(ding)和滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室(shi)承受動(dong)(dong)穩定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)機械強度,真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)在(zai)動(dong)(dong)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)一(yi)端設(she)置有(you)導(dao)(dao)向套(tao),并(bing)使用一(yi)組(zu)壓縮彈簧,使兩(liang)(liang)(liang)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)間保持有(you)一(yi)個額定(ding)(ding)壓力。當真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)分(fen)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi),滅(mie)(mie)(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室(shi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)分(fen)離(li)并(bing)在(zai)其間產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu),直(zhi)至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)自然(ran)過(guo)零時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)熄滅(mie)(mie)(mie),便完成(cheng)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)開(kai)(kai)斷。
    3、屏蔽系統
真空滅弧室的(de)屏蔽(bi)系統主要由屏蔽(bi)筒,屏蔽(bi)罩(zhao)和其他零件組成。
    屏蔽系統的主要作用是:
   (1)防止觸頭在(zai)燃弧過程(cheng)中產生大量(liang)的金(jin)屬蒸汽和液滴噴濺,污染(ran)絕(jue)緣外(wai)殼的內(nei)壁,避免造成真空滅弧室外(wai)殼的絕(jue)緣強度下降或產生閃絡。
   (2)改善真(zhen)空滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)場分布,有利(li)于真(zhen)空滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室絕(jue)緣外殼的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)型化(hua),尤其是(shi)對于高電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)真(zhen)空滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)室小(xiao)(xiao)型化(hua)有顯(xian)著效果(guo)。
   (3)吸(xi)收(shou)一部分電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)能量,冷凝電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)生成物。特別是真(zhen)空滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)室在(zai)開(kai)(kai)斷短路(lu)電(dian)流時,電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)所產生的(de)熱能大(da)部分被屏蔽(bi)(bi)系(xi)統(tong)所吸(xi)收(shou),有利于提高觸頭間的(de)介(jie)質恢復(fu)強度(du)。屏蔽(bi)(bi)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)生成物的(de)量越大(da),說明他吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)能量也越大(da),這(zhe)對增(zeng)加(jia)真(zhen)空滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)室的(de)開(kai)(kai)斷容量起良好作用。
    4、觸頭
觸頭是產生(sheng)電弧、熄滅電弧的部位,對材料和(he)結構的要求(qiu)都比(bi)較高。
    4.1 對觸頭材料有以下要求:
   (1)高開斷能力(li)。要求材(cai)料本身的導電率(lv)大(da)(da),熱傳導系(xi)數小(xiao),熱容量大(da)(da),熱電子(zi)發(fa)射能力(li)低。
   (2)高(gao)(gao)擊(ji)穿(chuan)電壓(ya)。擊(ji)穿(chuan)電壓(ya)高(gao)(gao),介質恢(hui)復強度就(jiu)高(gao)(gao),對滅(mie)弧有利。
   (3)高的抗電(dian)腐蝕性。即(ji)經得起電(dian)弧的燒(shao)蝕,金(jin)屬蒸發量少。
   (4)抗熔(rong)焊能力。
   (5)低截流電流值,希望(wang)在2.5A以下。
   (6)低含氣量。
    目(mu)前斷(duan)路器用(yong)真(zhen)空(kong)滅弧室(shi)的觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)材料大(da)都采(cai)用(yong)銅鉻(ge)(ge)合金,銅與鉻(ge)(ge)各占(zhan) 50%。在上、下觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)的對(dui)接面上各焊上一塊銅鉻(ge)(ge)合金片(pian),一般(ban)厚度各為3mm。其余(yu)部分稱為觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)座,用(yong)無(wu)氧銅制(zhi)造即可。
    4.2 觸頭結構
觸頭(tou)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)對滅孤室的(de)開斷能(neng)力有很大影響。采(cai)(cai)用不(bu)(bu)同結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)觸頭(tou)產生的(de)滅弧效果有所不(bu)(bu)同的(de),早(zao)期采(cai)(cai)用簡單的(de)圓柱形觸頭(tou),結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)雖簡單,但開斷能(neng)力不(bu)(bu)能(neng)滿足斷路器(qi)的(de)要(yao)求,僅能(neng)開斷10kA以(yi)下電(dian)流(liu),目(mu)前(qian)僅有真(zhen)空負荷開關(guan)、高(gao)壓真(zhen)空接觸器(qi)等用真(zhen)空開關(guan)管才(cai)采(cai)(cai)用。目(mu)前(qian),常采(cai)(cai)用的(de)有螺旋糟型結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)觸頭(tou)、帶斜槽杯(bei)(bei)狀結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)觸頭(tou)和縱磁(ci)場杯(bei)(bei)狀結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)觸頭(tou)三種,其中以(yi)采(cai)(cai)用縱磁(ci)場杯(bei)(bei)狀結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)觸頭(tou)為(wei)主(zhu)。
    5、波紋管
真空滅弧室的(de)(de)波紋管(guan)主要擔負(fu)保證動電極(ji)在一定范(fan)圍內運(yun)動和長期保持高真空的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng),并保證真空滅弧室具有很高的(de)(de)機械(xie)壽命。
    真(zhen)空滅弧(hu)室的波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管是由厚度為0.1~0.2mm的不銹(xiu)鋼制成的薄壁元件。真(zhen)空開關在分合(he)過程(cheng)中(zhong),滅弧(hu)室波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管受伸縮作用,波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管截(jie)面上受變應力作用,所以(yi)波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管的壽(shou)命應根據反復伸縮量和使用壓力來確定。
波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管的(de)疲勞壽命和工作條件(jian)的(de)受熱(re)溫度有關,真空滅弧室在分斷大的(de)短路電(dian)流后,導電(dian)桿的(de)余熱(re)傳遞到波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管上,使波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管的(de)溫度升(sheng)高,當溫升(sheng)達到一定(ding)程(cheng)度時(shi),這就會影(ying)響波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管的(de)疲勞強度6、工作原理
    真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)滅弧室是用(yong)密封在真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)對(dui)觸頭(tou)(tou)來實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)接通與分(fen)斷功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)器件,是利(li)用(yong)高真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)座絕緣(yuan)介質。當(dang)其斷開一(yi)定(ding)數值的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時,動(dong)、定(ding)觸頭(tou)(tou)在分(fen)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流收(shou)縮到觸頭(tou)(tou)剛分(fen)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)某一(yi)點(dian)或(huo)某幾點(dian)上,表現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)間(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻劇烈(lie)增大(da)和溫(wen)度迅速(su)提(ti)高,直(zhi)至發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)金屬的(de)(de)(de)蒸發,同時形成極(ji)高的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強度,導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)劇烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)致(zhi)發射和間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙的(de)(de)(de)擊穿,產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧,當(dang)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流接近(jin)零(ling)時,同時觸頭(tou)(tou)間(jian)(jian)(jian)距的(de)(de)(de)增大(da),真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧的(de)(de)(de)等離(li)子體(ti)很(hen)快向四周(zhou)擴散,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過零(ling)后,觸頭(tou)(tou)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙的(de)(de)(de)介質迅速(su)由導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)變(bian)為絕緣(yuan)體(ti),于是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流被分(fen)斷,開斷結(jie)束(shu)。

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