真空電子器件

發布時間(jian)：2016/1/21 16:25:54   新聞來源：admin   瀏覽次數：19693

    真(zhen)空(kong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件是指(zhi)借助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)在真(zhen)空(kong)或者氣體(ti)中與電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)場發生(sheng)相(xiang)互作用(yong)，將一(yi)種(zhong)形式(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)能量轉換為另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)形式(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)能量的(de)器(qi)(qi)件。具有真(zhen)空(kong)密封管殼和若干電(dian)(dian)極，管內抽成真(zhen)空(kong)，殘余氣體(ti)壓(ya)(ya)力為10-4～10-8帕。有些在抽出管內氣體(ti)后，再充(chong)入所需成分和壓(ya)(ya)強的(de)氣體(ti)。廣(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)廣(guang)播、通(tong)信、電(dian)(dian)視(shi)、雷達、導航、自動控制(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)對(dui)抗、計算機(ji)終(zhong)端顯示、醫(yi)學診斷治(zhi)療(liao)等領域。
 
    真空電(dian)子(zi)器件按其功能(neng)分為(wei)實現直流電(dian)能(neng)和電(dian)磁(ci)振蕩能(neng)量之間(jian)轉換的(de)靜電(dian)控制電(dian)子(zi)管；
    將直流能量轉換成(cheng)頻率為300兆赫～3000吉(ji)赫電磁振(zhen)蕩能量的微(wei)波電子管；
    利用聚焦(jiao)電(dian)子束實現光、電(dian)信號的記錄、存(cun)儲、轉換和顯示的電(dian)子束管；
    利用光電子發射現象實現光電轉換(huan)的(de)光電管；
    產生X射線的X射線管；
    管(guan)(guan)內充(chong)有氣(qi)(qi)體并產生氣(qi)(qi)體放電(dian)的充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)；
    以真空(kong)和氣體中粒(li)子受激(ji)輻射為(wei)工作機理，將電磁波(bo)加以放大的真空(kong)量子電子器件等。
 
    靜電控(kong)制電子管(guan) 借(jie)助改變(bian)(bian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)發(fa)生變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，從而控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)的(de)(de)運動。靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)功能(neng)，是實現直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)振(zhen)蕩能(neng)量之間(jian)的(de)(de)轉換。按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)數目來(lai)分類(lei)(lei)，可分為二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、三極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、四極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、五極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、六極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、七極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和八極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等類(lei)(lei)。有些電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)包含兩部分或更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)部分,成為復(fu)合管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),如雙二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)-三極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、三極(ji)(ji)(ji)-五極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等。主要用途是：無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)廣播、電(dian)(dian)(dian)視廣播、無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)通信、雷達、工業加熱和粒子(zi)加速器等。
    微波電子(zi)管(guan) 工作于(yu)(yu)微(wei)(wei)波波段的真空電(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件。用來把(ba)直(zhi)流(liu)能量轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)頻率為300兆赫到 3000吉赫的電(dian)(dian)磁振蕩能量，包括M型返波管(guan)(guan)、直(zhi)射速(su)調(diao)管(guan)(guan)、反射速(su)調(diao)管(guan)(guan)、O型返波管(guan)(guan)和回旋管(guan)(guan)等。通常將微(wei)(wei)波氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)也(ye)劃歸(gui)微(wei)(wei)波電(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)一類。微(wei)(wei)波電(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)(guan)主要(yao)用于(yu)(yu)雷達、電(dian)(dian)視(shi)、微(wei)(wei)波通信、導航、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)對抗、遙控遙測、工業加熱及粒子(zi)加速(su)器(qi)(qi)等。
    電子束器(qi)件 在電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束器(qi)件中(zhong)，通過形成和控制弱(ruo)流電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束來實現多種信(xin)號(hao)轉換功能，特別是電信(xin)號(hao)與(yu)光信(xin)號(hao)之間的轉換。各類電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束器(qi)件廣(guang)泛應用于測量(liang)儀表、雷達、電視(shi)攝像與(yu)顯(xian)像、電視(shi)傳真、計算機終端顯(xian)示、醫學等領域。
    光(guang)電器件 利用光(guang)電子(zi)發射現(xian)象，把(ba)光(guang)信號變成電信號，或者將不可(ke)見輻射的圖(tu)像(xiang)變成可(ke)見光(guang)圖(tu)像(xiang)（變像(xiang)管）以及將微(wei)弱可(ke)見光(guang)圖(tu)像(xiang)的亮(liang)度增強（像(xiang)增強管）。主要應用于自動控制(zhi)、天文研究、核(he)物理、傳(chuan)真通(tong)信、激光(guang)探測、空間研究、夜視儀器等。
    真空(kong)指(zhi)示管 用(yong)來(lai)把電(dian)(dian)信號變成(cheng)數字、字符等光(guang)信號顯示出來(lai)，包括熒光(guang)數碼管、電(dian)(dian)光(guang)指示管等。用(yong)于測(ce)試儀表(biao)、信息顯示設備、接收設備顯示器等。
 X射線(xian)管(guan) 用(yong)于(yu)產(chan)生X射線(xian)的電(dian)子管(guan)。它(ta)是(shi)將(jiang)直流電(dian)能變(bian)成X射線(xian)能量。用(yong)于(yu)醫(yi)學診(zhen)斷(duan)、治療(liao)，零件無損(sun)檢驗，物(wu)(wu)質結(jie)構分析、光譜分析。在(zai)生物(wu)(wu)學上用(yong)于(yu)確定(ding)復雜分子結(jie)構。
    充(chong)氣管  基(ji)于氣體(ti)放電(dian)原理(li)的真(zhen)空電(dian)子器件。制造時(shi)，先將管殼內抽成真(zhen)空、再充(chong)入一定量(liang)的、特定成分(fen)的氣體(ti)。按照用途(tu)可以分(fen)為(wei)整流管、穩壓管、計數管、字碼管等(deng)。廣泛應用于雷(lei)達(da)、通信、自動控制、輻(fu)射測量(liang)、顯示、工業交通等(deng)領域。
    真空量子(zi)(zi)電子(zi)(zi)器件 以真(zhen)空為其工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)的量(liang)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件(jian)。在這類(lei)器件(jian)中，受激(ji)粒子(zi)在與電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波相互作(zuo)(zuo)用時，產生受激(ji)輻(fu)射，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波加(jia)以放大。主要包括自(zi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)微(wei)波激(ji)射器、分(fen)子(zi)微(wei)波激(ji)射器、量(liang)子(zi)頻率標準器件(jian)。
   與固態器件(jian)的關系  小功率靜電(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)由于受到固(gu)態(tai)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)競(jing)爭，自(zi)60年代以來生產(chan)數(shu)量銳減。低頻(pin)率、小功率微波(bo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)管(guan)的(de)生產(chan)，也呈下降趨(qu)勢(shi)。但同固(gu)態(tai)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)比(bi)，真空(kong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)具有功率容量大的(de)顯著特點(dian)。高頻(pin)率、大功率領域仍將(jiang)是真空(kong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)陣地。各類電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和光電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，雖面(mian)臨固(gu)態(tai)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)競(jing)爭，但近期內仍將(jiang)廣泛應(ying)用并有發展(zhan)。真空(kong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)固(gu)態(tai)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)互(hu)相(xiang)滲透，產(chan)生了一些新型電(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
 自20世紀60年代以后，很多真空電(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件已逐步為固態電(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件所(suo)取代，但在(zai)高頻率、大功率領域，真空電(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件仍(reng)然(ran)具(ju)有相當生命力，而電(dian)(dian)子束管(guan)和光電(dian)(dian)管(guan)仍(reng)將廣泛應用并有所(suo)發展。